Back قائمة الدول حسب الإنفاق على البحث والتطوير Arabic Liste der Länder nach Ausgaben für Forschung und Entwicklung German Anexo:Países por el gasto en investigación y desarrollo I+D Spanish Statistiques mondiales de recherche et développement French Országok listája a K+F alapján Hungarian Daftar negara menurut anggaran penelitian dan pengembangan ID 各国の研究開発費一覧 Japanese Зерттеу және дамуға қаржы жұмсау Kazakh Lista de países por gastos com pesquisa e desenvolvimento Portuguese Lista țărilor în funcție de cheltuielile pentru cercetare și dezvoltare Romanian
This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]
According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]
- ^ Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ a b Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search